Bacon’s Rebellion: Treason or Justified Rebellion?

Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion launched in Virginia by settlers from 1676-77. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. from Here, Madilynn McCarroll looks at the background and reasons for the rebellion.

A depiction of the burning of Jamestown form the 19th century.

Throughout history, many events have defined the USA, such as the Civil War which gave slaves their freedom, or the Boston Tea Party which showed what the new colonists would do for their independence. Without the Civil War, African Americans may still be enslaved. One man can change the course of history whether for the better or the worse. Bacon’s Rebellion holds more weight than people may think, it’s more than a feud between two relatives. It is what defines the colony of Jamestown and what it could have been. Would Jamestown be the colony as we know it to be or would it have been eradicated?

Nathaniel Bacon

Nathaniel Bacon was hot-headed and very full of pride, not willing to conform to the authority that was put in place to keep the colony from going awry. Bacon challenged Governor Berkeley’s power from day one and refused to back down. In Tales from a Revolution, the author discusses the effects that Nathaniel Bacon’s rebellion caused in Virginia and how it caused a rebellion in the state. The author believed that Bacon was 100% in the wrong and that he did nothing but reap chaos and destruction for the colony, and he is the reason for most of the problems they had with Native Americans. Most of the issues and reasons for this rebellion are because of the stubbornness of both Governor Berkeley and Bacon. Nathaniel Bacon earned a quick reputation for himself from the day he stepped foot in Jamestown and became known as“very ambitious and arrogant.” (rice 2012, pg.28) So, it was no surprise that Bacon did exactly what he wanted instead of submitting to Governor Berkeley.

The main reason for the rebellion was an argument between Berkeley and Bacon about the colonists and Native Americans. This was the beginning of Bacon's Rebellion because this small argument would lead the way to bitterness and anger between the two relatives. The Native Americans in the area were stealing from the colonists and Berkeley decided to wait it out and hoped that they wouldn’t do it again. This infuriated Bacon and he completely disagreed with the Governor’s approach to the matter. Bacon decided to serve his own justice on the Native Americans but ended up crushing the peace that Governor Berkeley had tried to have with them.

Nathaniel Bacon also led a very diverse group of people and some were even former slaves. Bacon granted these indentured servants their freedom if they agreed to become a part of his rebellion. Many scholars believe this justifies Bacon’s Rebellion because of the freedom he gave the slaves, but in reality, it endangered their lives. They were no longer innocent as they were enemies of the state of Virginia. In the end, Governor Berkeley pleaded with Bacon’s followers and offered them redemption and mercy if they turned themselves in. He promised not to harm them just like Bacon did with the indentured slaves.

Impact

Since the Rebellion many things have changed and shaped American history. According to this article scholars believe that the Rebellion is a mix of “fundamental restructuring, of patterns of war, exchange, society, and diplomacy throughout eastern North America.” (Rice 2014, pg.4)  We have learned to deal with war and changes in society because of this and it has taught Governors since Berkeley ways to avoid and overcome similar problems that were created by Bacon. Nathaniel Bacon didn’t agree with Berkeley’s decision because he believed that it would lead to the destruction of Jamestown and that the Native Americans would take advantage of the colony.  I believe that Nathaniel Bacon was in the wrong and his Rebellion was treason. His actions were based on pride and arrogance which led to a massacre of innocent Native Americans. Although he promised slaves their freedom he led them to their graves instead. Governor Berkeley however should have done more to prevent such chaos and he should have done his duty as Governor and protector of Jamestown. If Nathaniel Bacon didn’t stand up against the Native Americans in the way that he did, Jamestown could have suffered greatly. People looked to Bacon as a protector, for example the people of Henrico County knew that he was an outlaw but agreed that he would do everything to defend them. Governor Berkeley eventually got the last say and ended the Rebellion and gained back his power as Governor of Virginia. I may not have agreed with Berkeley at the beginning but by the end the Governor was right and Nathaniel Bacon got what he deserved as a rebel of the state of Virginia.

What do you think of Bacon’s Rebellion? Let us know below.

Bibliography

Oxford African American Studies Center and Bradford J. Wood. 2006. “Virginia.” (December). https://oxfordaasc-com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-45086?rskey=VRqNxm&result=4.

rice, James d. 2012. Tales from a Revolution: Bacon's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America. 1st ed. N.p.: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/lib/liberty/reader.action?docID=4704490.

Rice, James D. 2014. “The Journal of American History.” Bacon's Rebellion in Indian Country 101 (December). https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/stable/44286295?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.

Violent Protests in American History: Part 1 – How do 2020’s protests compare to the Bacon’s, Shays’, and Whiskey Rebellions?

American history has had many violent protests, and these often went on for significant periods of time. Here, Theresa Capra starts a series looking at the 2020 protests in America from an historical perspective.

In this article, she considers why people often destroy parts of their own neighborhoods, and moves on to compare the 2020 protests to some in early American history: the Bacon’s, Shays’, and Whiskey Rebellions.

George Washington and his troops near Fort Cumberland, Maryland, before their march to suppress the 1791 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania

Sometimes history delivers a one-two punch: a landmark event enveloped in a historical year.  Times of war come to mind: August 6, 1945 - the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, an earth-shattering day smack in the middle of a record-breaking year as World War II came to a climatic end.

The year 2020 is progressing in a similar pattern, even if we are not in the grips of a world war. During one of the worst pandemics in world history, lies May 26: the day George Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin while spectators captured the agonizing 7:46 minutes. Appropriately, it all went viral setting off violent protests unseen in decades.

“But why are they burning and destroying their own neighborhoods?”

It’s a question I’ve heard a million times from well-intentioned folks who champion racial equality but struggle to make sense of fiery protests. Historians have weighed in on the ‘why’, noting that in low-income areas, African-Americans do not own a lot of property and small shops charge unfair rates for inferior products, thus commercial destruction can be seen as a revolt against economic oppression. As for the psychology of rage, that too is misunderstood. Protests, including violent ones, are politically motivated, coordinated attacks on the status quo. Labeling Black Lives Matter as an angry mob bent on destruction is a political tactic bent on marginalization.

In the face of tumult, eyewitnesses search for understanding, but often history is overlooked. Violence is upsetting in any form, especially now that it’s crowd surfed on social media, but a quick scan of American history can demonstrate to neutral observers that violent tactics are as American as apple pie.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Life during colonial America was inconceivably harsh compared to our comfortable times. However, there are familiar parallels such as oppression, disease and riots. In 1676, Smallpox was ravaging indigenous people on the present-day American continent at warp speed.  Simultaneously, the expansion of white government was paving the way for violent uprisings and racial tension.

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a plantation owner in Virginia, mounted a rebellion against the governor, William Berkeley, for assorted reasons ranging from personal snubs, to Berkeley’s refusal to grant freeholders such as Bacon carte blanche to kill Native Americans.

Although Bacon was from an affluent family, he was able to galvanize the obvious social and economic disparities that pervaded the region. He recruited a makeshift army that included poor farmers, slaves, and black and white indentured servants, marginalized groups who were oppressed by the wealthy and had axes to grind.

Bacon’s protesters were not peaceful. They instigated violence, pillaged farms, looted, and most notably burned the capital city of Jamestown to the ground - their own community. History books have never relegated that act to rage, instead it is clearly understood as a calculated anti-establishment move that diminished Berkeley’s power. The exact strategy was employed by protestors who set the Minneapolis police department ablaze, yet many commentators, including the President of the United States, have reduced their actions to that of an “angry mob.”

Bacon died of dysentery before he could see his rebellion through, but the wealthy plantation owners got the big take-away: the lower classes need further oppression to maintain the status quo, and enforcement of strict racial codes would be necessary to prevent poor whites, poor Blacks, and enslaved persons from joining forces in the future.

Shays’ Rebellion

The cherished American Revolution was, in itself, a violent protest against perceived tyranny from a legitimate government. In fact, Thomas Jefferson harkened back to Bacon as the first patriot fighting British oppression because it fit their rebellious narrative, despite the truth that Bacon’s rebellion was a power struggle between two stubborn men. But even after the procurement of liberty and establishment of democracy, violent uprising was inevitable.

After the Revolutionary War, many veterans who returned to their farms found themselves struggling to make ends meet. These poor farmers were often cash-strapped, so their local economies moved on the exchange of goods and services rather than paper currency. In western Massachusetts, wealthy coastal merchants began to insist on hard cash for goods while declining lines of credit. The lack of paper money made it impossible for the farmers to pay their debts because besides their farms, all they had was the shirts on their backs. They petitioned the government to print more money to level the field--they sought relief through the courts but the government, dominated by the wealthy, ignored their plight, and the bureaucratic scales never tipped in their favor.

In the face of economic oppression, what did these early Americans do? Rebel, of course. Protestors destroyed government property, assaulted tax collectors, and shut down the courthouse - the physical emblem of injustice.

The summer of 2020 is a mirror’s reflection in many ways. For example, in Portland, protestors drew strong federal responses when they occupied a courthouse, while protestors in Denver targeted the state Supreme Court. In Sacramento, peaceful demonstrations turned violent when citizens vandalized government property and occupied a park.

There is a major difference: the absence of Daniel Shays to coordinate a coup. Daniel Shays, a veteran and farmer directly affected, organized protesters into a full-scale insurgency that sought to topple the government from 1786 to 1787. Eventually the militants were quelled, and Daniel Shays escaped and lived the remainder of his days in poverty. But the violence of Shays' Rebellion resonated with the status quo leading to a stronger federal government that could squash violent rebellions that challenged the establishment. It even made its way into the preamble of the Constitution - ”insure domestic Tranquility.”

The Whiskey Rebellion

In 1791, the congressional branch of the newly formed United States of America decided to flex its muscle by imposing a tax on distilled beverages to pay down debt amassed during the Revolution. Since whisky had become the most popular drink, the controversial excise became known as the whisky tax. Whisky was a form of currency on the western frontier for poor farmers, especially in Pennsylvania, so to them it was really an income tax rather than an excise on domestic commerce. Farmers refused to comply - they viewed it as a tool of oppression from wealthy, eastern landowners.

Resistance quickly snowballed into violent insurrection - homes were burned down, property destroyed, and statues set ablaze in effigy. Unfortunately, violent unrest always claims innocent victims and tax collectors became casualties of war. There was Robert Johnson who was attacked by a mob of men disguised as women while he was traversing through his collection route. He was tarred and feathered and left for dead in the woods. John Connor, who attempted to arrest the perpetrators, met the same fate.

Similar events have unfolded today. In Oakland, a federal contract security officer, hired to protect federal courthouses, was shot and killed during a demonstration that turned violent. David Dorn, a retired police captain, was shot and killed by looters in a pawn shop.

Generally, it has been the Black community caught in the crossfire. First, Covid-19 hit African-Americans hard, resulting in higher mortality rates. Simultaneously, Black-owned businesses that were shut received limited government assistance compared to white communities. Then the protests erupted and the Black-owned businesses that were destroyed  may never recover.

History has been kind to the Whiskey Rebellion, which ran from 1791 to 1794. For starters, it’s not labeled as a riot, rather it’s a rebellion that embodies rugged individualism. This is in stark contrast to how the record treats the struggle for civil rights in the 1960s, which are labeled as race riots. Although the media has avoided labeling the George Floyd protests as riots, it’s inescapable when the President of the United States does so repeatedly from the Rose Garden.

How does this compare with the federal tenor during the Whiskey Rebellion? George Washington did prefer a diplomatic resolution but ultimately he is credited with using federal force to suppress the insurrections after years of climatic standoffs. A lingering lesson is that wealthy interests would always prevail.

But race was not involved so how do we celebrate the historical destruction of property and violence today? With a festival, of course!

What do you think of the comparisions between past protests and those of 2020? Let us know below.